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          明史·海瑞传
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        <h2 id="明史·海瑞传"><a href="#明史·海瑞传" class="headerlink" title="明史·海瑞传"></a>明史·海瑞传</h2><h3 id="来源声明"><a href="#来源声明" class="headerlink" title="来源声明"></a>来源声明</h3><p>2022届高三一轮复习之文言文整体阅读题目</p>
<p>试卷问题网络位置：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://cooco.net.cn/question/11748.html">可圈可点(微信收费)</a>、<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1694794526031280061">百度百家号</a>，非原创，联系侵删。</p>
<h3 id="原文"><a href="#原文" class="headerlink" title="原文"></a>原文</h3><p>海瑞，字汝贤，琼山人。举乡试。署南平教谕，迁淳安知县。布袍脱粟，令老仆艺蔬自给。<strong>总督胡宗宪尝语人曰昨闻海令为母寿市肉二斤矣都御史鄢懋卿行部过供具甚薄抗言邑小不足容车马懋卿恚甚然素闻瑞名为敛威去</strong>久之，陆光祖为文选，擢瑞户部主事。时世宗享国日久，不视朝，深居西苑，专意斋醮。督抚大吏争上符瑞，礼官辄表贺，瑞独上疏。帝得疏，大怒，抵之地，顾左右曰：“趣执之，无使得遁！”宦官黄锦在侧曰：“此人素有痴名。闻其上疏时，自知触忤当死，市一棺，诀妻子，待罪于朝，僮仆亦奔散无留者，是不遁也。”帝默然。少顷复取读之，日再三，为感动太息，留中者数月。</p>
<p>遂逮瑞下诏狱，究主使者。帝初崩，外庭多未知。提牢主事闻状，以瑞且见用，设酒馔款之。瑞自疑当赴西市，恣饮啖，不顾。主事因附耳语：“宫车适晏驾，先生今即出大用矣。”即大恸，陨绝于地。既释，复故官。帝屡欲召用瑞，执政阴沮之，乃以为南京右都御史。<strong>诸司素偷惰，瑞以身矫之。有御史偶陈戏乐，欲遵太祖法予之杖。</strong>百司惴恐，多患苦之。提学御史房寰恐见纠擿，欲先发，给事中钟宇淳复怂恿，寰再上疏丑诋。瑞亦屡疏乞休，慰留不允。十五年，卒官。瑞无子。卒时，佥都御史王用汲入视，葛帏敝籯，有寒士所不堪者。因泣下，醵金为敛。<strong>小民罢市。丧出江上，白衣冠送者夹岸，酹而哭者百里不绝。</strong>瑞生平为学，以刚为主，因自号刚峰，天下称刚峰先生。故所至力行清丈，颁一条鞭法。意主于利民，而行事不能无偏云。</p>
<p>（节选自《明史·海瑞传》）</p>
<h3 id="题目"><a href="#题目" class="headerlink" title="题目"></a>题目</h3><p>10．下列对文中画波浪线部分的断句，正确的一项是（ ）</p>
<p>A．总督胡宗宪尝语人曰/昨闻海令为母寿/市肉二斤矣/都御史鄢懋卿行部过/供具甚薄/抗言邑小不足容车马/懋卿恚甚/然素闻瑞名/为敛威去/</p>
<p>B．总督胡宗宪尝语人曰/昨闻海令为母寿/市肉二斤矣/都御史鄢懋卿行部过/供具甚薄/抗言邑小不足容车马/懋卿恚甚然/素闻瑞名/为敛威去/</p>
<p>C．总督胡宗宪尝语人曰/昨闻海令/为母寿市肉二斤矣/都御史鄢懋卿行部过/供具甚薄/抗言邑小不足容车马/懋卿恚甚/然素闻瑞名/为敛威去/</p>
<p>D．总督胡宗宪尝语人曰/昨闻海令/为母寿市肉二斤矣/都御史鄢懋卿行部过/供具甚薄/抗言邑小不足容车马/懋卿恚甚然/素闻瑞名/为敛威去/</p>
<p>11．下列对文中加点词语的相关内容的解说，不正确的一项是（ ）</p>
<p>A．乡试是中国古代科举考试之一，由各地州、府主持，考生来自全国各地。</p>
<p>B．宦官也称太监，是古代宫中侍奉皇帝及其家属的人员，由阉割后的男子充任。</p>
<p>C．晏驾是帝王死去的委婉说法，“晏”义为晚，晏驾指帝王车驾未能按时发出。</p>
<p>D．执政指掌管国家政事，又指执掌国家大权的重臣，还可作为高级官员的通称。</p>
<p>12．下列对原文有关内容的概括和分析，不正确的一项是（ ）</p>
<p>A．海瑞生活俭朴，时时关心国事。他担任淳安知县时，布衣粗食，老仆种菜；任职户部时，见皇上深居西苑，不亲理朝政，又独自上奏劝谏。</p>
<p>B．海瑞劝谏皇上，不惧以死报国。皇上得疏大怒，命令火速捉拿，不要让他逃遁，但得知海瑞待罪于朝不会逃跑后，又细读疏文，并感动叹息。</p>
<p>C．海瑞严厉执法，受到小人诋毁。他任南京右都御史时，因要求严明，部下怨恨，部属房寰惧遭揭发，又受怂恿，上疏诋毁，致使海瑞被迫退休。</p>
<p>D．海瑞为人刚直，身后穷困窘迫。他生平以刚为主，虽然一心为民，但行事却有偏颇；他一生清廉自律，家境贫寒，死后竟至靠人凑钱殓葬。</p>
<p>13．把文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。</p>
<p>（1）诸司素偷惰，瑞以身矫之。有御史偶陈戏乐，欲遵太祖法予之杖。</p>
<p>（2）小民罢市。丧出江上，白衣冠送者夹岸，酹而哭者百里不绝。</p>
<p>14．海瑞在向明世宗上疏前，为什么要事先“市一棺，诀妻子”？请简要说明。</p>
<h3 id="阅读答案"><a href="#阅读答案" class="headerlink" title="阅读答案"></a>阅读答案</h3><h4 id="【答案】"><a href="#【答案】" class="headerlink" title="【答案】"></a>【答案】</h4><p>10．A</p>
<p>11．A</p>
<p>12．C</p>
<p>13．（1）众多官吏一向偷安怠惰，海瑞以自己的行动加以纠正。有御史偶尔演戏奏乐，海瑞将要遵照太祖法规对他杖责。</p>
<p>（2）市民停业悼念。灵柩经过江面，民众穿戴白衣帽两岸送行，洒酒祭奠而哭的人百里不绝。</p>
<p>14．①自知触怒皇帝将死；②抱定必死的决心。</p>
<h4 id="【分析】"><a href="#【分析】" class="headerlink" title="【分析】"></a>【分析】</h4><p>10．本题考查文言文断句能力。</p>
<p>解答本题注意各选项间不同之处。“昨闻海令为母寿”，是一个完整的句子，中间不宜断开，排除C项、D项；“然”表转折，与后文关系密切，所以应在它之前断开，排除B项。</p>
<p>画波浪线部分句意为：总督胡宗宪曾经告诉别人说：“昨天我听说海县令为母亲祝寿，只买了二斤肉。”都御史（官职名）鄢懋卿从淳安县经过，海瑞对他们的招待都很简陋，说淳安县地方太小容不下车马。鄢懋卿非常愤恨。但是一直都听说过海瑞的名声，只好收敛威风离开了。</p>
<p>故选A。</p>
<p>11．本题考查文化常识。</p>
<p>A项，“考生来自全国各地”错误，考生为本地人。故选A。</p>
<p>12．</p>
<p>本题考查筛选并整合文中信息，归纳内容要点、概括中心意思的能力。</p>
<p>C项，“致使海瑞被迫退休”说法错误，原文为“瑞亦屡疏乞休，慰留不允”，皇上劝慰他，不让他辞官，并未“被迫退休”。</p>
<p>故选C。</p>
<p>13．本题考查理解并翻译文中的句子的能力。</p>
<p>（1）中“素”，一向；“矫”，矫正，纠正；“杖”，名词用作动词，杖责。</p>
<p>（2）中“罢市”，停业；“丧”，灵柩；“白衣冠”，名词用作动词，穿白衣戴白帽；“酹”，洒酒祭奠。</p>
<p>14．本题考查筛选并整合文章信息。</p>
<p>由“自知触忤当死”可知他自知触怒皇帝将死，所以买了一口棺材，诀别妻子儿女；</p>
<p>由“待罪于朝，僮仆亦奔散无留者，是不遁也”可知他抱定了必死的决心，并不打算逃走，而是遣散童仆，等待皇上降罪。</p>
<h3 id="译文"><a href="#译文" class="headerlink" title="译文"></a>译文</h3><p>海瑞，字汝贤，琼山人。乡试中举。（海瑞）代理南平县教谕，升任淳安县知县，在任上穿布衣，吃粗米，让家中老仆种菜自给。总督胡宗宪曾经告诉别人说：“昨天我听说海县令为母亲祝寿，只买了二斤肉。”都御史（官职名）鄢懋卿从淳安县经过，海瑞对他们的招待都很简陋，说淳安县地方太小容不下车马。鄢懋卿非常愤恨。但是一直都听说过海瑞的名声，只好收敛威风离开了。过了一段时间，陆光祖任吏部文选清吏司郎中，他提拔海瑞为户部主事。当时世宗在位时日已久，不再上朝听政，深居皇宫西苑，专心一意斋戒祀神。总督巡抚大臣争相进献各种祥瑞征兆，礼部官员往往就此上表祝贺，唯独海瑞一人上疏。世宗皇帝看了奏章大怒，把它扔到地下，回头对身边的宦官说：“赶紧把他抓起来，别让他跑了。”宦官黄锦在一旁说：“此人一向有痴名。听说他上疏时，自己知道冒犯皇上难免一死，就买了一口棺材，诀别妻子儿女，在朝廷待罪，家中僮仆也都是打发走了没有留一个，这表明他并不打算逃走。”世宗皇帝沉默不语。</p>
<p>过了一会儿，皇帝又拿出奏章来看，（就这样）一天之中看了两三次，被感动而叹息，将它留在宫中数月。于是命令逮捕海瑞，关进诏狱，追究主使他上疏的人。世宗刚去世时，外界多不知道。而监狱主事听到消息，估计海瑞将会受到任用，因此办了酒菜款待海瑞。海瑞怀疑以为要赴西市刑场斩首，于是就恣意饮食，没有顾及其它。提牢主事这时贴着海瑞耳语：“皇上适才已经驾崩，您马上就要出狱，受到重用了。”海瑞随即十分哀恸，晕倒在地。海瑞获释后，恢复了原来的官职。神宗数次想召用海瑞，但被执政的大臣暗地里阻止了，只当了南京右都御史。众多官吏一向偷安怠惰，海瑞以自己的行动加以纠正。有御史偶尔演戏奏乐，海瑞将要遵照太祖法规对他杖责。</p>
<p>官员们惶恐不安，多对此叫苦不迭。提学御史房寰，担心被检举揭露，想先下手发难，给事中钟宇淳又从中怂恿，房寰便二次上疏诬蔑海瑞。海瑞也屡次上疏要求告老回家，皇上劝慰他，不让他辞官。万历十五年，海瑞死于南京任上。海瑞没有儿子。去世之时，佥都御史王用汲前来探视，见他房中只有葛布做的帐子和空箱笼，过着一般寒士都不能忍受的生活。因而感动得流了泪，出面凑钱作为敛棺之用。市民停业悼念。灵柩经过江面，民众穿戴白衣帽两岸送行，洒酒祭奠而哭的人百里不绝。海瑞平生治学，以刚为主，因此自号为刚峰，天下人称他为刚峰先生。所以所到之处均致力于清丈土地，颁行一条鞭法。他的思想主要在于利民，而行事很难避免会出现一些偏差。</p>

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